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Caisson (engineering)
In geotechnical engineering, a caisson ( or ) is a watertight retaining structure〔"Caisson" def. 3. Knight, Edward Henry. ''Knight's American mechanical dictionary A description of tools, instruments, machines, processes, and engineering; history of inventions; general technological vocabulary; and digest of mechanical appliances in science and the arts''. vol. 1 Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1877. 420. Print.〕 used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam,〔Aichel, Ordulf George. ''The caisson as a new element in concrete dam construction; a proposal made in connection with the Columbia River Power Project'',. New York: Spon & Chamberlain; (), 1916. Print.〕 or for the repair of ships.〔Wilson, Theodore Delavan, and Edward J. Reed. ''An outline of ship building, theoretical and practical''.. New York: J. Wiley & son, 1873. 383. Print.〕 These are constructed such that the water can be pumped out, keeping the working environment dry. When piers are to be built using an open caisson and it is not practical to reach suitable soil, friction pilings may be driven to form a suitable sub-foundation. These piles are connected by a foundation pad upon which the column pier is erected.
== How caissons work ==
Shallow caissons may be open to the air, whereas pneumatic caissons, which penetrate soft mud, are sealed at the top and filled with compressed air to keep water and mud out at depth. An airlock allows access to the chamber. Workers move mud and rock debris (called ''muck'') from the edge of the workspace to a water-filled pit, connected by a tube (called the ''muck tube'') to the surface. A crane at the surface removes the soil with a clamshell bucket. The water pressure in the tube balances the air pressure, with excess air escaping up the muck tube. The pressurized air flow must be constant to ensure regular air changes for the workers and prevent excessive inflow of mud or water at the base of the caisson.
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